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- Fick, Jerker, et al.
(författare)
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Selection of antibiotics : A chemometric approach
- 2004
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Ingår i: 4th International Conference on Pharmaceuticals and Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals in Water, Minneapolis, USA. ; , s. 143-50
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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- Johansson, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
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Screening av antibiotika i avloppsvatten, slam och fisk under 2002/2003
- 2003
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Tretton olika antibiotika har undersökts i en screeningstudie i Sverige under 2002/2003. Avloppsvatten, slam och fiskprover har ingått i denna studie. Provtagningar har genomförts vid två tillfällen och fem reningsverk av olika karaktärer. Kemiska analysmetoder har utvecklats och validerats för samtliga dessa matriser. För första gången har intern standard metoden (struktur analoger) utnyttjats fullt ut för bestämningar av antibiotika i miljöprover. Resultaten visar att penicilliner och cefalosporiner har korta halveringstider. Enstaka substanser av dessa grupper har detekterats i 50 % av alla avloppsvattenprover och då endast i undantagsfall i utgående vatten. Fluorokinoloner, trimetoprim och doxycyklin har detekterats i samtliga avloppsvattenprover (20 av 20). I slam förekommer främst fluorokinoloner och doxycyklin. Fluorokinolonerna förekommer i relativt höga halter (summa fluorokinoloner ~6.5 mg kg-1 TS). Detta kan utgöra en risk om detta material sprids ut i miljön men mer kunskap krävs om dessa substansers mobilitet och toxicitet för att göra denna bedömning.
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- Scott Andersson, Åsa, 1970-
(författare)
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Development of an Environment-Accident Index : A planning tool to protect the environment in case of a chemical spill
- 2004
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The increasing mass and complexity of chemicals being produced and transported has resulted in more rigorous demands on both authorities as well as chemical-handling industries to assess the risks involved. The Environment-Accident Index (EAI), has been proposed as a planning tool created as an equation in which chemical properties (variables describing the chemical involved) are combined with site-specific properties (variables describing the accident site). The EAI is intended to facilitate assessment of the environmental effects related to chemical accident scenarios and hence assist the organisation of preventative programs. The main objective of the work described in this thesis was to evaluate, develop and improve the proposed EAI. The steps involved in the development process included I) evaluation of the feasibility of the EAI approach, II) selection of a representative and diverse set of chemical accidents to be used in the development III) the use of questionnaires and expert judgements to develop response values for environmental effects of a chemical accident, and IV) to create a new EAI model using multivariate modelling (PLS). The EAI approach proved to be useful in the work to protect the environment in case of a chemical accident. A representative set of accidents was selected by means of statistical multivariate design (PCA) based on assembled data related to a set of 55 chemical accidents. The selection generated a set of accidents representing a diverse spectrum of chemical accident scenarios. To develop a measure of environmental effects of the chemical accidents i.e. responses, an expert panel was asked to judge their environmental effects (such as effects on animal life in the aquatic or terrestrial environment). The results showed that the judgements give a rough estimate of environmental effects that could be used as responses in the development of the EAI. The developed responses were then related to the chemical and site-specific properties to create a new EAI model. This resulted in a PLS-based EAI connected to a new classification scale. The advantages of the new EAI are that it can be calculated without the use of tables; it can estimate the effects for all included responses, and make a rough classification of chemical accidents according to the new classification scale. Finally, the new EAI is a more stable model than the previously proposed EAI, and it is founded on a valid base of accident scenarios, making its use for a variety of chemicals and situations more reliable since it covers a broader spectrum of accident scenarios. The new EAI can be expressed as a regression model to facilitate calculation of the index for people that do not have access to PLS. The highest priorities for further refining the new EAI in the future are: external validation of the EAI; further refinement of the formula’s structure; adjustment of the new classification scale; and real-life evaluation of the EAI.
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- Söderström, Gunilla, 1964-
(författare)
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On the combustion and photolytic degradation products of some brominated flame retardants
- 2003
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Many modern products, especially electronic goods, are protected by brominated flame retardants (BFR). Some of the most common flame retardants are polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDE), tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBP-A) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD). These compounds have been found in environmental samples and shown to have physiological effects on experimental animals. This thesis considers end-of-life aspects of brominated flame retardants. When spread in the environment, these compounds may be degraded into other forms. For example, if sludge contaminated with PBDE is used as an agricultural fertilizer, the PBDE could be degraded by sunlight to species of PBDE with lower degree of bromination and, to some extent, also form polybrominated dibenzofurans (PBDF). In addition, PBDF and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PBDD) are formed during combustion of brominated flame retardants. When waste products with brominated flame retardants are co-combusted with household waste or other chlorinated fuel, polybrominated- chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PBCDD) and polybrominated- chlorinated dibenzofurans (PBCDF)will be formed. The bromin/chlorine composition of dioxins and furans is dependent on the bromine/chlorine ratio in the fuel, but the types of brominated flame retardants that are being combusted is less important. In the studies reported here, bromine levels higher than "normal" for household waste has been used. The results show that there is a pronounced increase in total dioxin levels in fluegas when when bromine is present, implying that waste containing brominated flame retardants should only be incinerated at combustion plants with effecient air pollution control devices.
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